Russia (from the Greek. Ρωσία — Russia), the official name - the Russian Federation -a country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. The population of 146 519 000 people, which is 9 rate in the world. The territory of the Russian Federation is 17 407 125 km2. On this indicator our country ranks first in the world. Moscow is the capital and the largest city with a population of over 12 000 000 people. The official language is Russian. However, the people of Russia speak more than 100 languages and dialects belonging to Indo-European, Altai and Ural language families, Caucasian and paleo-Asiatic language groups. Among the most widespread spoken languages are allocated Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Armenian, Ossetian and German (Indo-European language family), Tatar, Bashkir and Chuvash (Altaic language family), Udmurt, Mari and Erzya (Uralic language family), Chechen, Avar and Dargin languages (Nakh-Dagestan languages), Kabardino-Circassian (Abkhaz - Adyghe language family). The type of government Russia is a mixed Republic. Since may 2012, the country's President is Vladimir Putin. The state's basic law is the Constitution adopted in 1993.The head of state is the President, currently Vladimir Putin. The duties of the President the President provides assistance to the Prime Minister, currently Dmitry Medvedev. The Prime Minister holds the post of President in the event of the death or resignation of the latter. Legislative power is exercised by the Federal Assembly - the Parliament consisting of two chambers: the Federation Council and the State Duma.
Judicial power is exercised by the courts: the constitutional court, courts of General jurisdiction headed by the Supreme court and arbitration courts are also subordinate to the Supreme Court. The judicial system of subjects of Federation also includes magistrates. Control over observance of the rights and freedoms of the individual in the activities of state bodies and officials called upon the Commissioner for human rights in the Russian Federation. The country's defense provides the armed forces of the Russian Federation.
As at 7 September 2015 in Russia, officially there are 78 registered political parties, including in the State Duma are four: the "United Russia", KPRF, "Fair Russia" and LDPR.
The Russian Federation consists of 85 subjects, 46 of which are referred to as provinces, 22 republics, 9 territories, 3 Federal cities, 4 Autonomous districts and 1 Autonomous oblast. Russia borders with eighteen countries (the largest number in the world), including two partially recognized (Abkhazia and South Ossetia): over land, Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, North Korea; across the sea with Japan and the United States.
Russia is a multinational state, characterised by great ethnic and cultural diversity. The majority (about 75 %) of the population consider themselves Orthodox Christians, making Russia the country with the largest Orthodox population in the world.
According to the world Bank, the GDP PPP for 2014 in the amount 3,745 trillion (636 $ 25 per person). Currency - Russian ruble (average rate for 2015 is 60 rubles for 1 US dollar). Also, Russia is one of the leading space powers in the world, has nuclear weapons, a permanent member of the UN Security Council.Russia (from the Greek. Ρωσία — Russia), the official name - the Russian Federation -a country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. The population of 146 519 000 people, which is 9 rate in the world. The territory of the Russian Federation is 17 407 125 km2. On this indicator our country ranks first in the world.
Moscow is the capital and the largest city with a population of over 12 000 000 people.
The state's basic law is the Constitution adopted in 1993.The head of state is the President, currently Vladimir Putin. The duties of the President the President provides assistance to the Prime Minister, currently Dmitry Medvedev. The Prime Minister holds the post of President in the event of the death or resignation of the latter. Legislative power is exercised by the Federal Assembly - the Parliament consisting of two chambers: the Federation Council and the State Duma.
Judicial power is exercised by the courts: the constitutional court, courts of General jurisdiction headed by the Supreme court and arbitration courts are also subordinate to the Supreme Court. The judicial system of subjects of Federation also includes magistrates. Control over observance of the rights and freedoms of the individual in the activities of state bodies and officials called upon the Commissioner for human rights in the Russian Federation. The country's defense provide the armed forces of the Russian Federation.
As at 7 September 2015 in Russia, officially there are 78 registered political parties, including in the State Duma are four: the "United Russia", KPRF, "Fair Russia" and LDPR.
The Russian Federation consists of 85 subjects, 46 of which are referred to as provinces, 22 republics, 9 territories, 3 Federal cities, 4 Autonomous districts and 1 Autonomous oblast. Russia borders with eighteen countries (the largest number in the world), including two partially recognized (Abkhazia and South Ossetia): over land, Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, North Korea; across the sea with Japan and the United States.
Russia is a multinational state, characterised by great ethnic and cultural diversity. The majority (about 75 %) of the population consider themselves Orthodox Christians, making Russia the country with the largest Orthodox population in the world. According to the world Bank, the GDP PPP for 2014 in the amount 3,745 trillion (636 $ 25 per person). Currency - Russian ruble (average rate for 2015 is 60 rubles for 1 US dollar). Also, Russia is one of the leading space powers in the world, has nuclear weapons, a permanent member of the UN Security Council
Physical characteristics
The territory of the Russian Federation is 17 407 125 km2 (first place in size among the countries of the world). Russia is located entirely in the Northern hemisphere, the North of Eurasia, bordering seas of the Pacific and Arctic oceans, and also Baltic, black, Azov seas of the Atlantic ocean and the Caspian sea, having the longest coastline in the world (37 653 km). The Ural mountains and Kuma-Manychskaya depression divide Russia on European and Asian side.
The extreme Northern point of Russia is Cape wings on Rudolf island of the archipelago of Franz Josef land (81°51’ N. lat.), extreme Northern continental point Cape Chelyuskin on the Taimyr Peninsula (77°43’ N. lat.). The Eastern point is the island of Ratmanov in the Bering Strait (169°0’ e) easternmost continental point is Cape Dezhnev, Chukotka, Russia (169°39’ e). The extreme southern point of Russia is located on the border of Dagestan with Azerbaijan to the South-West of mount Bazarduzu (41°11’ N. lat.). The extreme Western point lies in the Kaliningrad region on the Baltic spit of Gdansk Bay of the Baltic sea (19°38 ' e). The length of Russia from West to East approaching 10 000 km, from North to South exceeds 4 000 km In Russia, there are platform and orogen. The European part of Russia is situated on the East European platform. The platform is overlain by igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Precambrian. The territory between the Ural mountains and the Yenisei river, the busy young West-Siberian platform. East of the Yenisei river is the ancient Siberian Platform, extending to the Lena river and the corresponding mainly of the Central Siberian plateau. In the marginal parts of platforms there are deposits of oil, natural gas, coal. For folded regions of Russia belong to the Baltic shield, Urals, Altai, the Ural-Mongolian fold belt epipaleolithic, in the northwestern part of the Pacific fold belt and a small part of the external zone of the Mediterranean fold belt. The highest mountains are the Caucasus and belong to the young fold belt. In the folded areas are the main supply of metal ores. Russia is one of the richest water resources country in the world. The country has one of the world's largest reserves of fresh water. Surface waters occupy 12.4% of the territory of Russia, while 84% of surface waters are concentrated to the East of the Urals.
The country is rich in mineral resources. The oil reserves explored in particular, the volume in almost all regions of the country, in particular, in the Tyumen region, Sakhalin, Bashkiria, and also on the continental shelf; natural gas in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous district. More than 70 % of Russian territory is a zone of risky agriculture. The growing season in most part of the territory of Russia is 2-4 months. At the same time, Russia is 9% of productive arable land in the world and more than 50% of world's black soil.
Average January temperatures in different regions varies from 6 to -50 °C, July from 1 to 25 °C; precipitation from 150 to 2000 mm per year. The permafrost (areas of Siberia and the Far East) took 65% of the territory of Russia.
Flora of Russia there are about 24 700 species of plants, of which about 11 400 species of vascular, 1137 mosses, 9000 - seaweed, 3000 - lichens and 159 - ferns. The richest kinds of plants Caucasus (6000) and the far East (1900-2000), poor Arctic Islands of Siberia (100-150). Woodiness of the territory of Russia is 45.4 % and is 796,2 million hectares In Russia 41 103 national Park and reserve.
In the Arctic and tundra meet Arctic Fox, reindeer, Arctic hare, seals, walruses, polar bear. The forest is inhabited by bears, lynx, wolverines, elk, sable, ermine, chipmunks, squirrels, nest-grouses, hazel grouses, blackcocks, woodpeckers, nutcrackers. In deciduous forests there are wild boars, deer, mink, many species of birds and lizards. In the woods the far East - a rare Ussuri tigers, bears, deer. Among the animals of the steppe zone is dominated by small rodents, a lot of saigas, badgers, foxes and large steppe birds. In the desert, there are gazelles, jackals, sand cats, and numerous rodents. In the Caucasus region is home to mountain goats, Caucasian deer, porcupine, leopard, hyena, bear, and a large number of reptiles.
Weekends and holidays
January 1 - New year's day (holidays - 1 January 6, 8 January).
January 7 - Christmas (Christian holiday, is celebrated according to the Julian calendar, which is stored in the ROC).
23 February - Day of defender of the Fatherland (is the successor of the red Army day and Soviet Army day, and Navy, originally established in memory of the first collision just created red army against the German troops during the First world war in 1918).
March 8 - international women's day (originally established as the day of celebration of women workers in 1910 at the eighth international Congress II, in the RSFSR and the USSR was celebrated in 1921, the output - since 1965).
May 1 - holiday of spring and labor day (originally celebrated as the day of international solidarity of workers, was established in honor of the crackdown slaughterhouse workers in Chicago in 1886, in RSFSR and the USSR - an official holiday since 1918 as the Day of international solidarity of workers).
May 9 - Victory Day (established in honor of the Soviet victory over Germany in the great Patriotic war in 1945. The day off since 1965).
12 June - Day of Russia (established in honor of the adoption of the Declaration on state sovereignty of the RSFSR in 1990).
November 4 - Day of national unity (from 1649 to 1917 was celebrated as the day of the Kazan icon of the Mother of God, again installed in 2004 to commemorate the liberation of Moscow from Polish invaders, which occurred in the time of Troubles in 1612).
Economics and Finance
Russia belongs to the category of agrarian-industrial countries. The Russian economy is the sixth among countries in terms of GDP at PPP. GDP at PPP according to the world Bank for the year 2014 amounted to 3,745 trillion. $ volume of nominal GDP in 2014 grew by 0.6 % and amounted to 1,861 billion $. As of 2013, the share of the Russian economy in the global economy is 3.3 %. According to the world Bank, Russia's GDP per capita at PPP in 2013 amounted to 24120 $, according to this indicator, Russia is in the Top 50 best countries in the world, ahead of all the CIS republics. Sectoral structure of Russia's GDP (2011 data): agriculture, forestry and fishing 3.6 % mining — 9.1%; production — 13,6 %; electricity up 3.2% ; construction, 5.5 percent; wholesale and retail trade — 16.2 percent; transport and communication — 7,5 %; education and health — 5,7 %; Finance and services — 14.0% public administration and military security — 5.0 per cent; taxes -15,1%
GDP growth for 2010-2011 amounted to 8.7 %. In 2011, investments in Russia reached a record over the last 20 years the level of 370 billion $ per year. Thus for each day in the Russian economy has been invested more than $ 1 billion. Over the last 20 years the Russian economy has been invested more than $ 2.5 trillion.
The monetary unit is the Russian ruble, the average rate for 2015 is 67 rubles per 1 US dollar. Trading unit - penny, one-hundredth part of a ruble. The issue of implementing the country's Central Bank - the Central Bank of Russia.
The average income of the population - 22.3 thousand rubles, the average salary - 26.5 thousand, the unemployment rate - 5.2 % (data for September 2012). The average monthly nominal salary of an employee in Russia by the end of 2013 amounted to 29 900 rubles per month.
The population
According to the national census conducted in October 2010, Russia's population was 142 905 200 people. Russia, therefore, is the most populated country of Europe and ranks ninth in the world in number of inhabitants.
The average population density is about 8,36 persons per km2, the population is distributed very unevenly: 78 % of Russians live in the European part of Russia, which is less than 25 % of the territory. Among the subjects of the Federation the highest population density was in Moscow - more than 4626 people/km2, the lowest - in Chukotka Autonomous district - less than 0.07 person/km2.
The share of urban population in 2010 was 73 %. As of January 1, 2013 166 cities have a population over 100 thousand people. Of these, 15 towns have a population of over one million people.
Religious composition
Russia is a secular state. The Constitution guarantees "freedom of conscience, freedom of religion, including the right to profess individually or together with others any religion or not to profess any, freely to choose, possess and disseminate religious and other convictions and act in accordance with them." Article 148 of the criminal code provides for criminal liability for "illegal obstruction of the activities of religious organizations or performance of religious rites". Federal law of 11 July 2001 "On political parties" forbids the creation of such, among other things, "signs of religious affiliation". Live in Russia Christians (mainly Orthodox), Muslims, Buddhists, Jews, pagans, and others.
According to a survey conducted in January 2010, the share of Russian citizens considering themselves Orthodox grew in 2009 from 70 to 75 %.
Literature
Our time has reached a certain number of monuments of ancient literature, religious or narrative, among them the most famous "Tale of bygone years", "sermon on law and grace", "the memory and praise of Russian Prince Vladimir," "life of Feodosiy Pechersky", "the Legend of Boris and Gleb", "the precept of Volodymyr Monomakh", "the Word about Igor's regiment", "the supplication of Daniel the exile", "the Story of the life of Alexander Nevsky" and many others. Actively developing foreign literature. Some samples of the epistolary genre, such as "Message Kliment Smolyatich to Smolensk to Thomas the presbyter". In the XVI century there is the pearl of the epistolary genre, as "Correspondence of Tsar Ivan the terrible with Prince Kurbsky". At the same time, by Polish influence gradually begins acquaintance with Western literature. Folk art presents a distinctive genre of folk and fairy tales.
Secular literature appeared in Russia only in the seventeenth century. The first known work of this kind, "the life of Avvakum". At the same time, borrowed from Polish literature, syllabic principle of versification has taken root in Russian poetry. The most famous representatives of the Russian syllabic poetry — Simeon Polotsky and Sylvester Medvedev.
In the XVIII century in Russia there is a galaxy of secular writers and poets. Among them poets and writers trediakovskii, Kantemir, Lomonosov, Derzhavin, Karamzin, and playwrights Sumarokov and Fonvizin. The dominant artistic style of literature at that time was a classicist. Among the most famous writers and playwrights of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries: Gogol, Dostoevsky, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Chekhov, Gorky, Bulgakov, Bunin, Nabokov, Platonov, Astaf'ev and many others.
Among the most famous poets of this era were: Zhukovsky, Pushkin, Lermontov, Koltsov, FET, Tiutchev, Nekrasov, Blok, Yesenin, Mayakovsky, Tsvetaeva, Pasternak, Akhmatova, Brodsky, Vysotsky, and many others.
Five Russian poets and writers were awarded the Nobel prize in literature: Ivan Bunin (1933, in exile), Pasternak (1958), Sholokhov (1965), Alexander Solzhenitsyn (1970) and Joseph Brodsky (1987, in exile).
Fine art
Russian icons inherited traditions of Byzantine masters. At the same time, Russia began and their traditions. Russian icons was not a simple imitation, they have their own style, and such masters as Andrei Rublev and Daniil Cherny, Simon Ushakov and others, raised the level of iconography to new heights. The richest collection of icons is in the Tretyakov gallery. In painting the first realistic portraits appear in Russia in the XVII century, in the mid-late XVIII century in Russia there are such major artists as Levitsky and Borovikovsky. Russian painting of that time followed the global trends. Prominent artists of the first half of the nineteenth century: Kiprensky, Bryullov, Ivan Aivazovsky. The second half of the XIX century is characterized by the heyday of realistic painting. Wanderers of painting developed in the direction of critical realism, their works were often filled with social themes. The most famous artist of critical realism - Repin. By the end of XIX century in Russia are evolving trends associated with French impressionism. In the early twentieth century Russian artists are actively looking for new expressive forms, form many new directions, for example, symbolism, the decorative areas that meet the fashionable style of "modern", avant-garde (Kandinsky, Malevich). In the middle and the end of the twentieth century became widely known artists I. Grabar, A. Rylov, N. Krymov, I. Brodsky, B. Ioganson, Gerasimov, M. Feigin, Z. Serebryakova, V. Stozharov, Yuri Vasnetsov, E. Moiseenko, P. Konchalovsky, Dmitry Zhilinsky, V. Oreshnikov.
Architecture
On the territory of Russia is a large number of religious buildings (Christian, Muslim, Buddhist, Jewish, Hindu, etc.). They are constructed in different and sometimes unusual architectural styles.
Civil architecture. The civil architecture of Russia throughout its history has gone through several stages. Before the revolution, the development of architecture were imitated trends of other countries: the buildings were built in the style of classicism, Baroque and other. With the development of the Soviet state of Russia manifested itself in the architectural style of constructivism, which have influenced the development of architecture in the world.
Historic centre of Saint Petersburg, a complex of churches of Kizhi, Moscow Kremlin and Red square, historic monuments of Novgorod, the fortress of Naryn-Kala in Derbent are the most important architectural landmarks of Russia and included in the world heritage list of UNESCO.
Music
Russian music includes a rich musical heritage of the Russian state. This concept brings together the work of Russian and Soviet composers of the XVI—XX centuries, Russian folk music, Russian romances and popular music of the Soviet and post-Soviet period. The most famous composers: Vasili Rogov, Feodor Farmer.
The most famous performers of Russian folk music: Nadezhda Plevitskaya, Ruslanova, Feodor Chaliapin, Olga Voronets, Lyudmila Zykina, Evgeniya Smolyaninova and others.
Russia is the birthplace of many composers that have become recognized classics of the genre of symphonic music. Among them Glinka, Borodin, Mussorgsky, Tchaikovsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, Rachmaninoff, Prokofiev, Stravinsky, Shostakovich, Sviridov, Denisov, Shchedrin and many others. Also, an invaluable contribution to the development made musicians like Oistrakh, Rostropovich, Bashmet and others.
The most famous performers of Russian pop music, Alla Pugacheva, Valery Leontiev, Muslim Magomayev, Edita p'ekha, Iosif Kobzon, Sofia Rotaru, Lev Leshchenko, Yuri Antonov, Philip Kirkorov, Dima Bilan and others.
The genre of art song originated in the USSR in the mid XX century. Expressive features and qualities are the semantic and the load on the poetic text, melodiousness, natural, melodic and harmonic functionality of the musical material; the mood of the confidential communication; chamber performance; idealistic orientation. The most famous performers: Alexander Galich, Bulat Okudzhava, Vladimir Vysotsky, Alexander Gorodnitsky, Yuri Vizbor Galina homchik, etc.
Russian rock was formed under the great influence of Western rock music and art song of Russia, as a rule, were carried out under acoustic guitar.
The most famous of the group: "the time Machine", "Resurrection", "Aquarium", "Nautilus Pompilius", "Kino", "Alisa" "Agatha Christie", "Aria", "Kipelov", "Chizh & Co", "DDT", "Sounds of mu", "Civil defense", "the king and the fool", "naive", "Bi-2".
The first Russian rap artists appeared in the second half of the eighties. The most famous of them are: "bad balance", Bogdan Titomir and "Bachelor party". Also Russian rap is the closest to the political hip-hop. Russian rap is often mixed with rock music.
Russian (Soviet) chanson is a musical genre that describes the life and customs of the criminal environment, originally designed for prisoners and persons close to the criminal world. Over time, the genre of music thug began to write songs that go beyond criminal subjects, however, retain its distinctive features (melody, jargon, story, worldview
Theatre and cinema
Russian medieval actors, clowns are known from the XI century. Among them were musicians, singers, dancers, comedians, trainers of wild animals.
Theatre in the modern sense appeared in Russia by foreigners. The beginning of this art is connected with the names of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and boyar Matveev. Theatrical business, went into decline with the death of Alexei Mikhailovich, but was renewed by Peter I.
In April, 1896, 4 months after the first Paris cinema sessions in Russia see the first cinematic apparatus. 4 (16) may 1896 took place the first Russian screening of "cinema Lumiere" in a theatre of St. Petersburg in the garden "Aquarium" - the audience was shown a few movies in the intermission between the second and third acts of vaudeville "Alfred-Pasha in Paris". In may, Camille CERF performs the first Russian cinematic documentary shooting celebrations in honor of the coronation of Nicholas II.
A number of Soviet and Russian films have won the Oscar in the category "Best foreign language film": "War and peace" (1967) by Sergei Bondarchuk; "Moscow does not believe in tears" (1981) by Vladimir Menshov; "Burnt by the sun" (1994) by Nikita Mikhalkov.
The first Russian cartoon "Pierrot - artists" film dates back to 1906, filmed by the Mariinsky theatre ballet master Alexander Shiryaev. Soviet Animation is known worldwide, is characterized by postelnicu tones, spirituality, kindness and training component. Cartoon "Hedgehog in the fog" by Yuri Norstein in 2003, Tokyo was voted the best cartoon of all time, according to the results of a survey of 140 film critics and animators from different countries.
Decorative art
Folk tales, fairy tales, typical for the peoples of Russia, brought the wisdom of the people through the mists of time. Ditty - a short Russian national song, usually comic maintenance, transmitted, usually orally. A special development of oral creativity gets into the areas forbidden by the censorship.
Arts and crafts in Russia were formed on the basis of folk art, which, thanks to professional artists and business people in the early XX century was transformed into a professional decorative art: Dymkovo toy, filimonovskaya toy, Orenburg downy shawl, Palekh miniature, Abashevskaya toy, Khokhloma, Gzhel, hludnevskoj toy.
Media
As of the end of 2000-ies in Russia there are more than 170 daily Newspapers, both Central and local - with a total circulation of about 4.8 million copies, and more than 425 Newspapers and magazines with a total circulation of about 7.8 million copies. Leading national Newspapers - Izvestia, Kommersant, Komsomolskaya Pravda, Moskovsky Komsomolets, Nezavisimaya Gazeta, Novaya Gazeta, New look, Parlamentskaya Gazeta, Pravda, the Russian newspaper Soviet sport. The number of broadcasting stations (2011): in the range of AM — 323, FM radio 5500 (2011). Broadcast in Russian TV programs, devoted mainly to culture and sports, began in 1935 in Moscow. Further development of the television received 1980-1990-ies with the advent of many new TV channels on various subjects and orientation.
Sport
Since the Olympic games in Helsinki 1952 Olympic games in Sochi in 2014, of Soviet and later Russian athletes never went below third place in the overall standings among all countries of the world at the summer Olympics.
In 1980 Moscow hosted the XXII summer Olympic games, Sochi 2014, XXII Olympic winter games. In 2013 Kazan became the capital of the summer Universiade.
Rich in victories is the history of Soviet and Russian hockey players, who repeatedly became prize-winners of world Championships and Olympic winter games. Great popularity in Russia are hockey, football, volleyball and tennis.
In 2010 Russia won the right to host the world Cup 2018.
Russian athletes are traditionally strong in figure skating, biathlon, skiing, hockey, ice hockey, sports and gymnastics, athletics, synchronized swimming, and various martial arts, especially in wrestling.
Traditionally in Russia, the popular intellectual Board games. Among the world chess Champions, winners and prize-winners of the European tournaments a lot of Soviet and Russian athletes. The unique success of Soviet and Russian chess in the period from 1946 to 1990 in the world among chess Champions and contenders for the chess crown was the only Soviet chess players, with one exception (the American Robert Fischer).
Russian cuisine
The main food of the majority of the population are cereals, vegetables, meat, poultry and fish used to prepare pickles, soups, cereals and bakery products.
First, often served soups with vegetables, fish, meat and cereals. Traditional is the variety of soups, among which the most famous are: soup, borscht, rassolnik, Solyanka, ukha. The second dish is usually cereal, meat, fish, poultry or sausage, cereal is often put potatoes or pasta. Third, as a rule, serves juice, juice, juice, tea or coffee. Traditional Russian dressing, and a dairy product is sour cream, which is used for seasoning soups and salads. Another Russian dairy product is cheese.
In Russian national cuisine is dominated by mushroom and fish dishes, dishes of grain, vegetables, berries and herbs. Vegetables are eaten not only raw, but boiled, stewed, baked, pickled, salted and pickled. Of dough on rye or wheat flour empanadas stuffed. A pie filling, usually of meat, fish, cheese or berries. Today in Russia is widely represented all cuisines of the world. Raspostraneny the major chains of fast food around the world (mcdonalds, kfs, subway, burger king, pizza hut and a number of local networks adapted). Despite this, the local population continues to prefer traditional Russian cuisine.